https://etiensantiago.com Etien Santiago Sun, 14 Dec 2025 21:26:23 +0000 https://etiensantiago.com en https://etiensantiago.com/Home-Image-Scroll Sun, 10 Apr 2022 14:15:09 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Home-Image-Scroll <img width="3100" height="1937" width_o="3100" height_o="1937" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/20c4b89f9c3b680eced13626c05b9a2d6ef6e0dcb63623bf43d5c20c3364b04b/Barrage.jpg" data-mid="240124832" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/20c4b89f9c3b680eced13626c05b9a2d6ef6e0dcb63623bf43d5c20c3364b04b/Barrage.jpg" /> <img width="3100" height="2273" width_o="3100" height_o="2273" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ad98471467fce754067ffb899b07c8b8d90fe762c889e950c2b6721612650065/Ventre.jpg" data-mid="241811401" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/ad98471467fce754067ffb899b07c8b8d90fe762c889e950c2b6721612650065/Ventre.jpg" /> <img width="3100" height="1810" width_o="3100" height_o="1810" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c6f6b4beacb8160676c400334c22ad21d6ad67a56e139ad474c24d459b66619a/Santiago-fig-08.jpg" data-mid="240124863" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c6f6b4beacb8160676c400334c22ad21d6ad67a56e139ad474c24d459b66619a/Santiago-fig-08.jpg" /> <img width="3100" height="1841" width_o="3100" height_o="1841" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7031dedbeb318026d8a6cdf4345a4df355569a69e6cb28b7c8bb6bdb4df2e1e2/Adrian-huts-on-Ile-Longue.jpg" data-mid="152662809" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7031dedbeb318026d8a6cdf4345a4df355569a69e6cb28b7c8bb6bdb4df2e1e2/Adrian-huts-on-Ile-Longue.jpg" /><img width="3100" height="2989" width_o="3100" height_o="2989" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/261415638a50dd763d6fac9c28735f20fd98d67ad791ceaf5e4d7556f5ab24c9/Raincy-short.jpg" data-mid="159250466" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/261415638a50dd763d6fac9c28735f20fd98d67ad791ceaf5e4d7556f5ab24c9/Raincy-short.jpg" /> <img width="3100" height="2447" width_o="3100" height_o="2447" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/52416e1675000c3a31c39f8f95a6bc299987ee516aa7251fede9d7941bd48cde/Andre-Ventre-Clocher-Eglise-d-Amy.jpg" data-mid="152662810" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/52416e1675000c3a31c39f8f95a6bc299987ee516aa7251fede9d7941bd48cde/Andre-Ventre-Clocher-Eglise-d-Amy.jpg" /> <img width="3100" height="2114" width_o="3100" height_o="2114" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3ec45b172d9bd2b998b3d6060b569ab1a2f8b9a007607e09ae7b0362552b4bf7/Tony-Garnier-Cite-industrielle-1917-Musee-des-beaux-arts-Lyon.jpg" data-mid="139370403" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3ec45b172d9bd2b998b3d6060b569ab1a2f8b9a007607e09ae7b0362552b4bf7/Tony-Garnier-Cite-industrielle-1917-Musee-des-beaux-arts-Lyon.jpg" /> <img width="2993" height="2451" width_o="2993" height_o="2451" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/99b8b722445658e229e632cf1071c8410a7ec567aa3f283ca5ca1bbf392b358c/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-2.JPG" data-mid="148853778" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/99b8b722445658e229e632cf1071c8410a7ec567aa3f283ca5ca1bbf392b358c/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-2.JPG" /> https://etiensantiago.com/Barrage Fri, 31 Oct 2025 17:29:07 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Barrage <img width="1340" height="1735" width_o="1340" height_o="1735" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/432b1e5c4810654b620878abb86f9be522de0b8a25425484d2d0ca4a801a0bb0/Final-cover.png" data-mid="240125635" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/432b1e5c4810654b620878abb86f9be522de0b8a25425484d2d0ca4a801a0bb0/Final-cover.png" /> <img width="5000" height="2887" width_o="5000" height_o="2887" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c23213b2a959487538dd024573a670290b11a9d365313017ff3af8bc9d404ab2/Santiagofig118.jpg" data-mid="240125796" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c23213b2a959487538dd024573a670290b11a9d365313017ff3af8bc9d404ab2/Santiagofig118.jpg" /> <img width="5000" height="3141" width_o="5000" height_o="3141" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d82c932c957b74fd0fee9b2f7515abb1540965c113e2cdcdc1c229cc8847f1e5/Santiagofig323.jpg" data-mid="240127190" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d82c932c957b74fd0fee9b2f7515abb1540965c113e2cdcdc1c229cc8847f1e5/Santiagofig323.jpg" /> <img width="1947" height="1428" width_o="1947" height_o="1428" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b606d3b3cc7cfebdc71393fce421a9701f131123db8c7a29c50b50495d7a405c/Santiagofig509.jpg" data-mid="240127233" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b606d3b3cc7cfebdc71393fce421a9701f131123db8c7a29c50b50495d7a405c/Santiagofig509.jpg" /> <img width="4279" height="3000" width_o="4279" height_o="3000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7802a336e4253c42bd30e32d3454729185d9482f436ad2c9e99508aecb29b8f9/Santiagofig120.jpg" data-mid="240125822" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7802a336e4253c42bd30e32d3454729185d9482f436ad2c9e99508aecb29b8f9/Santiagofig120.jpg" /> A Barrage of Houses: World War I and Mass-Produced Housing for France. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2026. &gt;&gt;&gt; View Yale Press listing &gt;&gt;&gt; Pre-order on B&amp;N A Barrage of Houses challenges canonical narratives about the development of early twentieth-century architecture. Whereas these narratives skip over World War I, downplaying it as a mere hiatus, the book argues that the conflict profoundly impacted the modern architectural discipline by thrusting the concept of mass-produced housing to the forefront of public consciousness. Leading architectural modernists such as Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius participated in this story. However, the book contextualizes their relatively minor contributions amidst many forgotten instances of French, American, and German proposals for serial housing to rebuild the devastated regions of France. These notably include proposals by Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage. All of these mass-produced housing shemes were rooted in military construction technologies and wartime mentalities. Through their arrangements and material systems, these schemes grappled with the armed conflict’s outsize deaths, racial anxieties, geopolitical tensions, breakneck industrialization, and martial totalitarianism. Most were never built. Nevertheless, this flurry of designs and discussions left a lasting mark, instilling the idea of mass-produced housing at the heart of the architectural discipline. https://etiensantiago.com/Art-Deco Sun, 14 Dec 2025 21:26:23 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Art-Deco <img width="3946" height="2893" width_o="3946" height_o="2893" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a8f2023ece706696acf4c4ff9c35240bc316728a393d208d9de25dac84a01f2e/santiago_figure_06.jpg" data-mid="241811259" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a8f2023ece706696acf4c4ff9c35240bc316728a393d208d9de25dac84a01f2e/santiago_figure_06.jpg" /> <img width="975" height="613" width_o="975" height_o="613" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/22b32da5fb7bcdaeecd7adca9cba6d80548f89de2f6ab9b5e3f99b66dfb94922/santiago_figure_04.jpg" data-mid="241811256" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/975/i/22b32da5fb7bcdaeecd7adca9cba6d80548f89de2f6ab9b5e3f99b66dfb94922/santiago_figure_04.jpg" /> <img width="2146" height="1326" width_o="2146" height_o="1326" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/df9adea75ae27755ab64f4a327383b167d7e03d2411de809f01265f407915dbc/santiago_figure_01.jpg" data-mid="241811250" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/df9adea75ae27755ab64f4a327383b167d7e03d2411de809f01265f407915dbc/santiago_figure_01.jpg" /> <img width="3456" height="2298" width_o="3456" height_o="2298" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fb28e15edc0dab6f55a6b5a0d86c2349e2bd4b3eda4d29ba133955d1f752fa77/santiago_figure_07.jpg" data-mid="241811298" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/fb28e15edc0dab6f55a6b5a0d86c2349e2bd4b3eda4d29ba133955d1f752fa77/santiago_figure_07.jpg" /> <img width="2025" height="1578" width_o="2025" height_o="1578" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bde69cd5671e08498c207d8fb5da3f7b0e3e0e7254d0af4a9f6b8861577160a0/santiago_figure_20.jpg" data-mid="241811270" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bde69cd5671e08498c207d8fb5da3f7b0e3e0e7254d0af4a9f6b8861577160a0/santiago_figure_20.jpg" /> “New Building Technologies at the 1925 Exposition des Arts Décoratifs.” TAD: Technology | Architecture + Design 9, no. 2 (2025): 380–95. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF Two cutting-edge building technologies hid behind the facades of pavilions at the 1925 exhibition in Paris that famously birthed “Art Deco.” The first technology was Solomite: lightweight panels made of straw or reeds compressed together by metal wire. The second was the Maison Isotherme system of lightweight metal, hollow-wall framing. Both building technologies received heaps of attention at the time of the exhibition. Yet, by decades later, neither had managed to gain a permanent footing in the modern construction industry; both faded into historical oblivion. Despite this outcome, their presence at the 1925 exhibition presaged an important shift in the relationship between modern architecture and modern building. https://etiensantiago.com/Guimard Tue, 15 Jul 2025 16:45:23 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Guimard <img width="1545" height="1000" width_o="1545" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3b04c726e2f75fef03ccb68b4b9e18c0fa3fb58c97b5383f33b126fe93937710/Cooper-Hewitt-3.jpg" data-mid="235836732" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3b04c726e2f75fef03ccb68b4b9e18c0fa3fb58c97b5383f33b126fe93937710/Cooper-Hewitt-3.jpg" /> <img width="1000" height="945" width_o="1000" height_o="945" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/65260628a31c0d4795e0243d0e9a67282af475d28c9d190149544cfd8fffa8ea/Cooper-Hewitt-4.jpg" data-mid="235836787" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/65260628a31c0d4795e0243d0e9a67282af475d28c9d190149544cfd8fffa8ea/Cooper-Hewitt-4.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="1920" width_o="3000" height_o="1920" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8211c334e3320fe66956d0bb63f92cacb2436f301159b414ebdc9f8d39dec21e/Cooper-Hewitt-DRAWING--GROUND-PLANS-FOR-FIRST-AND-SECONF-FLOORS-OF-A-TWO-FAMILY-MASS-OPERATION-HOUSE-TYPE-NO.-1--CA.-1921.jpg" data-mid="235836817" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8211c334e3320fe66956d0bb63f92cacb2436f301159b414ebdc9f8d39dec21e/Cooper-Hewitt-DRAWING--GROUND-PLANS-FOR-FIRST-AND-SECONF-FLOORS-OF-A-TWO-FAMILY-MASS-OPERATION-HOUSE-TYPE-NO.-1--CA.-1921.jpg" /> <img width="1000" height="1417" width_o="1000" height_o="1417" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/941a8c9f33198f15953e55f6d1838b47ed606682c2ceeeb140322f4a9b2c612d/Cooper-Hewitt-DIAZO-PRINT--STANDARDIZED-RURAL-HOUSE--OCTOBER-1920-sm.jpg" data-mid="235836803" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/941a8c9f33198f15953e55f6d1838b47ed606682c2ceeeb140322f4a9b2c612d/Cooper-Hewitt-DIAZO-PRINT--STANDARDIZED-RURAL-HOUSE--OCTOBER-1920-sm.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="1884" width_o="3000" height_o="1884" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dafdcb756348e787fc9180aacb2af8be6f468360312ec47c8ab917631547a6c1/Cooper-Hewitt-DRAWING--PLAN-AND-ELEVATION-FOR-TWO-FAMILY-HOUSE-TYPE-NO.-2--CA.-1921.jpg" data-mid="235836842" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/dafdcb756348e787fc9180aacb2af8be6f468360312ec47c8ab917631547a6c1/Cooper-Hewitt-DRAWING--PLAN-AND-ELEVATION-FOR-TWO-FAMILY-HOUSE-TYPE-NO.-2--CA.-1921.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="2397" width_o="3000" height_o="2397" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/543204a37655c77545a14080b1f2f05f0659f2f6ca92cf03b1050bbf3e992377/Cooper-Hewitt-PHOTOGRAPH--PHOTOGRAPH-OF-THE-CONSTRUCTION-OF-A-MASS-OPERATIONAL-HOUSE-DESIGNED-BY-HECTOR-GUIMARD-NO.-41-full-size--1921.jpg" data-mid="235836879" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/543204a37655c77545a14080b1f2f05f0659f2f6ca92cf03b1050bbf3e992377/Cooper-Hewitt-PHOTOGRAPH--PHOTOGRAPH-OF-THE-CONSTRUCTION-OF-A-MASS-OPERATIONAL-HOUSE-DESIGNED-BY-HECTOR-GUIMARD-NO.-41-full-size--1921.jpg" /> “Hector Guimard’s Visions of Eternal Peace.” In 113th Annual Meeting Proceedings, edited by&nbsp;Sara Jensen Carr and Rubén García Rubio, 274–82.&nbsp;Washington: Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture, 2025. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF French architect Hector Guimard is famous for being a pioneer of Art Nouveau. Few people know, however, that he played a key role during World War I promoting the concept of liberal internationalism. His prominent efforts in this arena helped to pave the way for the League of Nations, antecedent to the United Nations. This paper overturns the reigning assumption that Guimard’s political activism had no direct relevance to his subsequent design work. In actuality, his wartime lobbying for an international “Peace-State” explored ideas that also underpinned his designs for mass-produced housing a few years later.&nbsp; <img width="3100" height="4185" width_o="3100" height_o="4185" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f1f7d5dd4d17481054879c11cebfac39c427ef8a105a73356325809ee7f529a1/Santiago-Guimard-cover.jpg" data-mid="235836912" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f1f7d5dd4d17481054879c11cebfac39c427ef8a105a73356325809ee7f529a1/Santiago-Guimard-cover.jpg" /> https://etiensantiago.com/US Tue, 07 Jan 2025 19:42:57 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/US <img width="3890" height="2304" width_o="3890" height_o="2304" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/adfbc87d696f209fa6b929108db65a361e1d793dafc2f6450253bf4ca49d1c48/Santiago-fig-09.jpg" data-mid="224306389" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/adfbc87d696f209fa6b929108db65a361e1d793dafc2f6450253bf4ca49d1c48/Santiago-fig-09.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="3049" width_o="3000" height_o="3049" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7063a4e970afec563d4ba1a8bf15b060909cb690113ba24360f8f5fbd59c3eaa/Santiago-fig-12.jpg" data-mid="224306414" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7063a4e970afec563d4ba1a8bf15b060909cb690113ba24360f8f5fbd59c3eaa/Santiago-fig-12.jpg" /> <img width="5967" height="4784" width_o="5967" height_o="4784" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/34bfccf3ff186da452c99a8d45f5a9b5aa20c07dd5e8bb13cdc8acbc28b8c7fc/Santiago-fig-10.jpg" data-mid="224306573" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/34bfccf3ff186da452c99a8d45f5a9b5aa20c07dd5e8bb13cdc8acbc28b8c7fc/Santiago-fig-10.jpg" /> <img width="4151" height="2423" width_o="4151" height_o="2423" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/123fb0db77c3f0cb8aae0ced3eb48f217652e626409201054f9bcc5b97fd9fa7/Santiago-fig-08.jpg" data-mid="224307277" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/123fb0db77c3f0cb8aae0ced3eb48f217652e626409201054f9bcc5b97fd9fa7/Santiago-fig-08.jpg" /> <img width="3320" height="4145" width_o="3320" height_o="4145" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e3376f9294ff3f4deacd5f7ba48006edb9290a42d5e86a5402f7c4988487692a/Santiago-fig-03.jpg" data-mid="224307276" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e3376f9294ff3f4deacd5f7ba48006edb9290a42d5e86a5402f7c4988487692a/Santiago-fig-03.jpg" /> “The U.S. Movement for Mass-Produced Concrete Housing, 1900 to 1924.” Construction History 39, no. 2 (2024): 23–49. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF Thousands of concrete houses were built serially in the United States from 1900 to 1924. A small-but-powerful group of businesspeople, architects, and engineers had become convinced that concrete housing was the future. Their movement ultimately collapsed, though, and wood-framed residential construction quickly re-took the upper hand across the country. Yet this movement nonetheless generated the first large wave of mass-produced concrete housing that the world had ever seen, paving the way for the success of concrete housing in other places.&nbsp; <img width="3100" height="5004" width_o="3100" height_o="5004" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/22f94082ecaa63e70926c7d3abb366c99ed98a8be381472914348f6dd6ec4b0e/Santiago-US-cover.jpg" data-mid="224852384" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/22f94082ecaa63e70926c7d3abb366c99ed98a8be381472914348f6dd6ec4b0e/Santiago-US-cover.jpg" /> https://etiensantiago.com/Huts Mon, 12 Sep 2022 00:38:22 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Huts <img width="4617" height="3161" width_o="4617" height_o="3161" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/70c85a7cc8f8a5725dbef87fb518ad90331bca6291ea5205d80de7f71b971296/BDIC_VAL_361_002---Fonds-des-Albums-Valois---Paris---La-Contemporaine-Paris-Nanterre-Argonnaute.jpeg" data-mid="152663627" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/70c85a7cc8f8a5725dbef87fb518ad90331bca6291ea5205d80de7f71b971296/BDIC_VAL_361_002---Fonds-des-Albums-Valois---Paris---La-Contemporaine-Paris-Nanterre-Argonnaute.jpeg" /> <img width="3449" height="2272" width_o="3449" height_o="2272" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2398dd4bc63a9670e517006b375cca6e63dacd87433e198537ad2015880c0388/Santiago_Fig-4_Illustration-of-Adrian-huts-in-a-prisoner-camp-at-Ile-Longue-Brittany.jpg" data-mid="152663629" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2398dd4bc63a9670e517006b375cca6e63dacd87433e198537ad2015880c0388/Santiago_Fig-4_Illustration-of-Adrian-huts-in-a-prisoner-camp-at-Ile-Longue-Brittany.jpg" /> <img width="4266" height="6363" width_o="4266" height_o="6363" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c6969420f9be73363f3e2555e0df4e73b17f002658d723fd486b1c28efc650e6/Affiche-arch-regionale-provinces-envahies-1917.jpg" data-mid="152663626" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c6969420f9be73363f3e2555e0df4e73b17f002658d723fd486b1c28efc650e6/Affiche-arch-regionale-provinces-envahies-1917.jpg" /> <img width="2290" height="1360" width_o="2290" height_o="1360" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/02f985aa8f54b0aeb98a0eb3152f012e057c189eba137d49ef8bb0591e6a501e/Santiago_Fig-3_Drawing-of-an-Adrian-hut.jpg" data-mid="152663628" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/02f985aa8f54b0aeb98a0eb3152f012e057c189eba137d49ef8bb0591e6a501e/Santiago_Fig-3_Drawing-of-an-Adrian-hut.jpg" /> “Huts, Houses, and the Industrial Militarization of France.” In States of Emergency: Architecture, Urbanism, and the First World War, edited by Sophie Hochhäusl and Erin Eckhold Sassin, 176–205. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2022. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF During the Great War, Paris hosted an exhibition that forever changed how modern architects thought about residential building materials and construction. The 1916 exhibition of La Cité reconstituée featured full-size mockups of demountable and lightweight houses. Their inventors promoted these building systems as solutions that could speed up reconstruction in the devastated regions of France as soon as the war ended. Yet the strong backlash against this exhibition reveals that, at this somber juncture in French history, advanced housing materials and building methods had become tacitly linked to the autocratic wartime government bent on militarism and engineers’ relentless pursuit of efficiency. <img width="3100" height="4308" width_o="3100" height_o="4308" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1d9e2e4b27feb40241d9c17c16a61a61061f766d8d25961dad6fc3c2a708dd2b/Santiago-Huts-p-177.jpg" data-mid="152663899" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1d9e2e4b27feb40241d9c17c16a61a61061f766d8d25961dad6fc3c2a708dd2b/Santiago-Huts-p-177.jpg" /> https://etiensantiago.com/Crucible Wed, 13 Apr 2022 10:58:03 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Crucible <img width="2439" height="1782" width_o="2439" height_o="1782" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/792aa3b4752cc241be994586ea7507078f5df578efb17b5c2d9f0fc91568a9a8/Sauvage-Cottage-House-1922.jpg" data-mid="139533398" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/792aa3b4752cc241be994586ea7507078f5df578efb17b5c2d9f0fc91568a9a8/Sauvage-Cottage-House-1922.jpg" /> <img width="2457" height="2116" width_o="2457" height_o="2116" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2ea028875e69176bc98b545d1064b31ee1151a49e7f4b0d5b96228e9143c6145/Sauvage-Small-Serial-Houses-1922.jpg" data-mid="139533437" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2ea028875e69176bc98b545d1064b31ee1151a49e7f4b0d5b96228e9143c6145/Sauvage-Small-Serial-Houses-1922.jpg" /> <img width="896" height="1160" width_o="896" height_o="1160" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b1d4dbdaa98b33fceda11e1b9226ff79f9d8878b21a77be8a090485b22371d16/Perrets-Maison-en-serie-plan-1917.jpg" data-mid="139533459" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/896/i/b1d4dbdaa98b33fceda11e1b9226ff79f9d8878b21a77be8a090485b22371d16/Perrets-Maison-en-serie-plan-1917.jpg" /> <img width="1423" height="1872" width_o="1423" height_o="1872" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1cf4ffcf9fce5c9aa5394a85e7b38eeec7c03357905728fbcb0c2c3210f35b1a/Perrets-Maison-en-serie-perspective-1917.jpg" data-mid="139533474" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1cf4ffcf9fce5c9aa5394a85e7b38eeec7c03357905728fbcb0c2c3210f35b1a/Perrets-Maison-en-serie-perspective-1917.jpg" /> “French Mass-Produced Housing in the Crucible of World War I.” Platform. Posted on March 21, 2022. https://www.platformspace.net/home/french-mass-produced-housing-in-the-crucible-of-world-war-i. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Read article online Thomas Edison’s 1906 declaration that he wanted to quickly and cheaply produce an endless number of concrete houses marked a milestone in architectural and construction history. Yet the idea of mass-produced housing did not become popular until World War I. Ever since that war, this idea has occupied a prominent place within the architectural discipline and the built environment. Revisiting the context of France around 1920, when the concept of mass-produced housing first gained widespread acceptance, reveals its entanglement with misguided beliefs involving racial propagation, blind faith in the capitalist marketplace, and the magical power of new technologies. <img width="3100" height="5322" width_o="3100" height_o="5322" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/36e7aa7bb2eb68559a442c7bc0df1d843de3456df04f4c1a3bec9d994ecf7f03/Santiago-Platform-2022.jpg" data-mid="139593040" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/36e7aa7bb2eb68559a442c7bc0df1d843de3456df04f4c1a3bec9d994ecf7f03/Santiago-Platform-2022.jpg" /> https://etiensantiago.com/Raincy Sun, 10 Apr 2022 18:06:46 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Raincy <img width="5319" height="3537" width_o="5319" height_o="3537" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/db950de302e41add1da72fc70d6f5a5a7ebc433919d204e99f591635e02ce534/Perret-Raincy-nave.jpg" data-mid="139249767" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/db950de302e41add1da72fc70d6f5a5a7ebc433919d204e99f591635e02ce534/Perret-Raincy-nave.jpg" /> <img width="2005" height="2601" width_o="2005" height_o="2601" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d4fe67e2ff5f6a0afca1d6a5f2758598835b24741d06b650f07be40a2df43b05/JSAH-Dec-2019-Cover.png" data-mid="139249766" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d4fe67e2ff5f6a0afca1d6a5f2758598835b24741d06b650f07be40a2df43b05/JSAH-Dec-2019-Cover.png" /> <img width="2817" height="2025" width_o="2817" height_o="2025" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f9c6f7ebe4ba2ea7be40d7d6d0ae9699d36dcab92df217ded5dc3cc89b5f5d4c/Ventre-abri-beton-allemand-1917.jpg" data-mid="139336339" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f9c6f7ebe4ba2ea7be40d7d6d0ae9699d36dcab92df217ded5dc3cc89b5f5d4c/Ventre-abri-beton-allemand-1917.jpg" /> <img width="2400" height="1696" width_o="2400" height_o="1696" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/328483c655c62c6ffba752cab5d95b647e7295e93ec450aaa9b7f06bd8a4dc8a/Ventre-Tranchee-Baionnettes-1920.jpg" data-mid="139336340" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/328483c655c62c6ffba752cab5d95b647e7295e93ec450aaa9b7f06bd8a4dc8a/Ventre-Tranchee-Baionnettes-1920.jpg" /> “Notre-Dame du Raincy and the Great War.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78, no. 4 (December 2019): 454–71. Society of Architectural Historians Founders’ Award, 2021 &gt;&gt;&gt; Read online &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF French architects and artists tasked with commemorating World War I faced several vexing questions. How should they immortalize the staggering number of deaths and the destruction that swallowed vast areas of France? Despite this carnage, could their nation extract some advantages from the war? And had the Great War transformed France into a modern industrialized state, or had it thrust France back into the grip of its pre-industrial traditions? Disguised as nothing more than a modest suburban church, Auguste and Gustave Perret’s Notre-Dame du Raincy wrangles with these big, difficult questions. <img width="2550" height="3300" width_o="2550" height_o="3300" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d1ed46cc8999712cd5074dc1a478ce516d49242287089c46ef15fa351f81f088/Santiago---Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-JSAH-p454.jpg" data-mid="139384282" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d1ed46cc8999712cd5074dc1a478ce516d49242287089c46ef15fa351f81f088/Santiago---Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-JSAH-p454.jpg" /> https://etiensantiago.com/Bricolage Sun, 10 Apr 2022 18:09:08 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Bricolage <img width="2898" height="2282" width_o="2898" height_o="2282" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/55075cef9a80b63a115b967c521c6ce458e28710086cffea1fb4992b6cb9afee/Andre-Ventre-Church-of-Amy-1917.jpg" data-mid="139250519" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/55075cef9a80b63a115b967c521c6ce458e28710086cffea1fb4992b6cb9afee/Andre-Ventre-Church-of-Amy-1917.jpg" /> <img width="2234" height="1291" width_o="2234" height_o="1291" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d0ee74551ae476c7afecc80b75c683076a1416388edc770c59209d80449b638c/US-AEF-Camp-at-Pontanezen-France-1918.jpg" data-mid="139250520" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d0ee74551ae476c7afecc80b75c683076a1416388edc770c59209d80449b638c/US-AEF-Camp-at-Pontanezen-France-1918.jpg" /> <img width="4635" height="3447" width_o="4635" height_o="3447" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b8edba30428df41b18b2dba008ab40bd19449bba8f61f17cc44a33fcce98b7b4/US-Port-at-Bassens-France-1918.jpg" data-mid="139250521" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b8edba30428df41b18b2dba008ab40bd19449bba8f61f17cc44a33fcce98b7b4/US-Port-at-Bassens-France-1918.jpg" /> “Bricolage de pointe : Constructions expérimentales dans un contexte étranger pendant la Grande Guerre.” In Construire ! Entre antiquité et époque moderne, edited by Gilles Bienvenu, Martial Monteil, and Hélène Rousteau-Chambon, 973–83. Paris: Éditions Picard, 2019. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF Construction technologies progressed by leaps and bounds during World War I. As builders struggled to complete edifices despite wartime shortages, they perfected novel materials and building methods like reinforced concrete and high-alumina cement. Unexpected international encounters and experiments on the front lines fueled this progress. When the war ended, its cutting-edge building technologies became a permanent part of the regular, civilian construction industry. <img width="3100" height="4373" width_o="3100" height_o="4373" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/51257143eac3899196d130524544e355f4559ede5d208d2b1096994041939dbb/Santiago---Bricolage.jpg" data-mid="139593282" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/51257143eac3899196d130524544e355f4559ede5d208d2b1096994041939dbb/Santiago---Bricolage.jpg" /> https://etiensantiago.com/Rough-Concrete Mon, 11 Apr 2022 01:19:55 +0000 Etien Santiago https://etiensantiago.com/Rough-Concrete <img width="3000" height="2400" width_o="3000" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/60190e8c1798133467a6db99d767aa14365d41c5a918efaacf52299e507db40d/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-1.JPG" data-mid="139333744" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/60190e8c1798133467a6db99d767aa14365d41c5a918efaacf52299e507db40d/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-1.JPG" /> <img width="3000" height="2400" width_o="3000" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a101562f8f69fc6008221d31e792caf678aafe44f7ba624fe84169db8f1d2017/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-2.jpg" data-mid="139333746" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a101562f8f69fc6008221d31e792caf678aafe44f7ba624fe84169db8f1d2017/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-2.jpg" /> <img width="3000" height="2400" width_o="3000" height_o="2400" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6a55d53a48642ae5aaacc30224b0ce864848fe9782794af231c754f796cf96a9/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-3.jpg" data-mid="139333747" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6a55d53a48642ae5aaacc30224b0ce864848fe9782794af231c754f796cf96a9/Perrets-Notre-Dame-du-Raincy-Concrete-3.jpg" /> “The Rough Concrete Surfaces of Perret’s Notre-Dame du Raincy.” In Still Life, edited by Jennifer Bonner, 276–81. New York: Actar, 2016. &gt;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;Download PDF In 1923, the French architect-builders Auguste and Gustave Perret caused an uproar by exposing the cast concrete structure of a new monumental civic building. Their design for the church of Notre-Dame du Raincy celebrated the aesthetic and communicative potential of what Western architects had until then largely viewed as a liability: the rugged, streaked, stained, and cracked surfaces of naked concrete. After the completion of this widely-publicized project, designers and the public alike increasingly equated visible concrete with modern architecture. <img width="3100" height="2294" width_o="3100" height_o="2294" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2718e78838a8bbdbf5377303b781a01266f74eebc19302fda3bf0000270ff637/Santiago---Rough-Concrete.jpg" data-mid="139593388" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2718e78838a8bbdbf5377303b781a01266f74eebc19302fda3bf0000270ff637/Santiago---Rough-Concrete.jpg" />